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Study Reveals, Quantum Physics Could Combat The Problem Of Credit Card Scam

December 16, 2014 By Germaine Hicks Leave a Comment

Quantum-physics-could-combat-problem-of-credit-card-scam

Recent insights into quantum physics could help combat the real problem of credit card scam.

Recently, scientists utilized the power of quantum physics to make a “Scam-proof” system for verifying a physical “key” in a strategy known as Quantum-Secure Authentication, the Optical Society reported. This progressive procedure could affirm the uniqueness of any object, for example, a credit card, regardless of the possibility that the physical entity has been stolen.

The strategy bridles the quantum power of light and uses it to make a “blockhead verification” and exclusive question-and-answer swap that is impractical to copy. As of late, banks have begun to issue “smart cards” set up of easy to-copy magnetic strip ones; these enhanced cards utilize a chip to validate personalities. Regardless of these advances, any individual who gets these cards could possibly copy the data on it.

This new approach could totally beat this risk through quantum properties that permit photons to be in various areas in the meantime with a specific end goal to pass on the confirmation of the question-and-answer.

“Single photons of light have exceptionally unique properties that appear to resist typical conduct,” said Pepijn Pinkse, an analyst from the University of Twente and lead author of the study. “At the point when appropriately strapped up, they can encode data in a way that keeps foes from figuring out what the data is.”

In the entire procedure, a little number of photons are set onto the surface of an exceptionally composed credit card and afterward saw what pattern comes to fruition. In this strategy, an attacker who attempted to watch the one of a kind question-and-answer would “crumple the quantum nature of the light and obliterate the data being transmitted,” the analysts reported.

These “quantum credit cards” would be equipped with a band of white paint containing a large number of nanoparticles. Utilizing a laser, analysts could scheme singular photons of light onto this paint that would spring back around the nanoparticles as though in a pinball machine before getting away over to the surface and shaping an exceptional pattern.

If ordinary light is anticipated onto this surface, attackers could quantify the entering pattern and revisit the accurate response pattern, making it inconceivable for a bank to see the disparity if utilizing standard light too. In contrast, if a bank sends a pattern of “quantum” photons into the paint, the reflected pattern would uncover more data.

“It would be similar to dropping 10 bowling balls onto the ground and making 200 different effects,” Pinkse said. “It’s difficult to know absolutely what data was sent (what pattern was made on the floor) just by gathering the 10 bowling balls. If you attempted to watch them falling, it would disturb the whole framework.”

The new strategy could have applications in securing government structures, individual bank and credit cards, and even vehicles.

Filed Under: Tech & Science Tagged With: Banks, credit cards security, fraud, laser, nanoparticles, Optica journal, Pepijn Pinkse, Photons, Quantum physics, scam

Magic Magnetic Mirrors, Reflecting Light In Mystical Ways

October 17, 2014 By Rebecca McGhee Leave a Comment

SONY DSC

Recently, the scientists have revealed for the first time in Optica report, “There is a new type of mirror, which functions like no other – it relinquishes a proverbial shiny metallic surface and rather reflects infrared light by using an unusual magnetic property of a non-metallic meat-material.

Researchers are able to incarcerate and harness electromagnetic radiation by placing nano-scale antennas at or very near the surface of these so-called “magnetic mirrors” that evolve enticing potential in new classes of chemical sensors, solar cells, lasers, and other optoelectronic devices.

Michael Sinclair, co-author on the paper and a scientist at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA who co-led a research team with fellow author and Sandia scientist Igal Brener stated that, “We have achieved a new milestone in magnetic mirror technology by experimentally demonstrating this remarkable behavior of light at infrared wavelengths. Our breakthrough comes from using a specially engineered, non-metallic surface studded with nano-scale resonators.”

Based on the element tellurium, these nano-scale cube-shaped resonators are significantly smaller than the width of a human hair and even tinier than the wavelengths of infrared light that is necessary to achieve magnetic-mirror behavior at these incredibly short wavelengths.

Sinclair explained, “When it comes to the size and shape of these resonators, they are critical as their magnetic and electrical properties that enable them to intermingle distinctively with light, scattering it across a specific range of wavelengths to produce a magnetic mirror effect.”

Early Magnetic Mirror Designs

When it comes to the traditional mirrors, they have the ability to reflect light by interacting with the electrical component of electromagnetic radiation. Due to this, though, they do more than reverse the image; they also reverse light’s electrical field eventually causing no impact on the human eye. But, it does have major implications in physics, particularly at the point of reflection where the opposite incoming and outgoing electrical fields produce a canceling effect. Due to the temporary squelching of light’s electrical properties, it prevents components like nano-scale antennas and quantum dots from interacting with light at the mirror’s surface.

In contrast, a magnetic mirror has the ability to reflect light by interacting with its magnetic field, preserving its original electrical properties. Brener stated that, “A magnetic mirror, thus, develops a very strong electric field at the mirror surface, enabling maximum absorption of the electromagnetic wave energy and paving the way for exciting new applications.”

Though, unlike silver and other metals, there is no natural material that got the ability to reflect light magnetically. Magnetic fields can reflect and even bottle-up charged particles like electrons and protons. But photons, which have no charge, pass through freely.

Brener added, “Nature doesn’t provide a way to magnetically reflect light. Thus, scientists, are producing meta-materials (materials not found in nature, engineered with specific properties) that has the ability to create the magnetic-mirror effect.

At first, this could only be achieved at long microwave frequencies that will allow only a few applications like microwave antennas.

Some other researchers have recently achieved limited success at shorter wavelengths using “fish-scale” shaped metallic components. Though, these designs, faced substantial loss of signal, along with an uneven response due to their particular shapes.

Mirrors Without Metals

In order to overcome these implications, the team of researchers developed a specially engineered two-dimensional array of non-metallic dielectric resonators (nano-scale structures) that robustly interrelate with the magnetic component of incoming light. Over the former designs, these resonators have a number of important advantages.

Initially, tellurium, a dielectric material used, has much lower signal loss than metals do, making the new design much more reflective at infrared wavelengths and developing a much stronger electric field at the mirror’s surface. Secondly, the standard deposition-lithography and etching processes were used to manufacture nano-scale resonators that are already widely used in industry.

When it comes to the reflective properties of the resonators, they emerge because they behave, in some respects similar to the artificial atoms, first absorbing and then re-emitting photons. On the other hand, atoms naturally do this by absorbing photons with their outer electrons and then re-emitting the photons in random directions. This is the way how atmospheric molecules scatter specific wavelengths of light, causing the sky to appear blue during the day and red at sunrise and sunset.

The meta–materials in the resonators achieve a similar effect, but absorb and re-emit photons without reversing their electric fields.

Proof of the Process

In order to confirm that the researchers design was actually behaving like a magnetic mirror needs exquisite measurements of how the light waves overlap as they pass each other coming in and reflecting off of the mirror surface. As, on reflection, normal mirrors reverse the phase of light, proof that the phase signature of the wave was not reversed would be the “smoking gun” that the sample was behaving as a true magnetic mirror.

In order to detect this, the Sandia team used a technique dubbed as time-domain spectroscopy that has been widely used to measure phase at longer terahertz wavelengths. Only some groups in the world have revealed this technique at shorter wavelengths (less than 10 microns), researchers stated. This technique has the ability to map both the amplitude and phase information of a light’s electric field.

Sheng Liu, Sandia postdoctoral associate and lead author on the Optica study stated that, “The results of the study clearly indicates that there was no phase reversal of the light. This was the ultimate revelation that this patterned surface behaves like an optical magnetic mirror.”

Filed Under: Tech & Science Tagged With: Brener, cube-shaped, dielectric, electromagnetic radiation, Electrons, infrared wavelength, light, Magnetic mirror, Michael Sinclair, microwave antennas, nanoscale, non-metallic, Optica report, Photons, Protons, reflect, resonator, Sinclair, standard deposition-lithography, tellurium, terahertz, time-domain spectroscopy

Leaky Galaxy May Fling Some Light On The Universe Evolution

October 11, 2014 By Jason Leathers 3 Comments

Leaky-Galaxy

About 400 million years ago, the universe was very dark until the first star producing galaxies started to make ultraviolet light, which ultimately lighted up the cosmos.

Recently, NASA-funded research team with grant number 12886 at the Johns Hopkins University discovered a compact galaxy named as J0921+4509. The researchers believed that it possesses similar characteristics needed to lighten up the early universe. It is actually emitting photons with an energy that ionize hydrogen atoms. This galaxy also enables over 20% of its ultraviolet radiation to leak through the dust clouds causing it to emit strong levels of ultraviolet light and providing hints to astronomers on how the earliest galaxies of the universe may have likely behaved.

J0921+4509 is located 2.9 million years away from the Milky Way galaxy. It generates stars in a compact region similar to the rate of budding galaxies of earliest times. Moreover, the galaxy whips around 50 stars having the same mass as the sun every year that is 33 times more than the number of stars that the Milky Way produces for the same period.

Brian Siana, an astronomer from the University of California, Riverside stated that, “That’s quite high. This is roughly the fraction that we think all galaxies in the early universe had to have in order to ionize the hydrogen in the intergalactic medium.”

Thousands of years after the Big Bang, the cosmic scattered protons and electrons started to cool and developed the first atom of hydrogen. The fact ultimately resulted in the creation of hydrogen walls along with the clouds of cosmic dust, which has the ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation. This averted light from fleeing and blotched the dark ages of the universe.

With the passage of time, these radiations become too strong that it re-ionized the hydrogen. It actually happens when the photons gather enough energy in order to break up the electrons from the hydrogen atoms, which resulted in lighting up the previously dark universe. The astronomers think that, the radiation that broke electrons come from stellar births, but they are not sure about that.

Sanchayeeta Borthakur, an astronomer from the Johns Hopkins University stated that, “The galaxies contains star forming regions that are wrapped with cold gases so the radiation won’t come out. If we want to know that how the radiation gets out of the galaxy, we need to learn the mechanisms that ionized the universe.” He further stated that, it seems that the newly discovered galaxy might provide some hints concerning how the early universe lighted up.

Moreover, the researchers have been in a long quest of finding a ‘holey’ galaxy to examine how star-produced radiation plays a role in ionization process. For this purpose, the researchers placed the particular galaxy with the help of radiation leak measurement method and Cosmic Origin Spectrograph aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. As per the statement of researcher’s team “a combination of unusually strong winds, intense radiation and a massive, highly star-forming galaxy” for the validity of the indicator.

Borthakur stated that, “The confirmation of the indicator is key and now people can use this indicator to study distant galaxies at longer wavelengths.”

The study is published in the journal ‘Science’.

Filed Under: Tech & Science Tagged With: 12886, 400, Brian Siana, Cosmic Origin Spectrograph, Electrons, Hubble Space Telescope, Hydrogen, J0921+4509, Johns Hopkins University, Milky Way Galaxy, nasa, Photons, Riverside, Science journal, star-forming galaxy, University of California

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